: Strategies for organizing production and layout design to maximize efficiency.
: Kusiak argues that the "design" and "management" of systems should not be separate; rather, the design of a product directly impacts the complexity of its manufacturing management.
Andrew Kusiak’s Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (1990) stands as a foundational text in the transition from traditional factory automation to the era of smart factories. As a pioneer in the field, Kusiak introduced concepts that now form the backbone of Industry 4.0, including knowledge-based systems and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with mechanical engineering.